Grapevine fanleaf degeneration disease has two distinct syndromes, or sets of symptoms, depending on the virus strain and host response to infection. The latest research on grapevine viruses and phytoplasmas. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv arabis mosaic virus armv tomato ringspot virus torsv tobacco ringspot virus torsv. Production and characterization of viruslike particles of. Antibody fl 3, which bound most strongly to gflv and showed cross.
Infection by grapevine fanleaf nepovirus gflv, a bipartite rna virus of positive polarity belonging to the comoviridae family, causes extensive cytopathic modifications of the host endomembrane system that eventually culminate in the formation of a perinuclear viral compartment. Each is caused by a strain of the grapevine fanleaf virus. In the first syndrome, infectious malformations, the vines may be stunted or show reduced vigor. True virus diseases rugose wood complex viroid diseases virus like diseases diseases induced by phloem and xylemlimited prokaryotes. Vectors can acquire the virus by feeding on vines infected with such viruses. Grapevine nursery stock registration and certification program program overview and proposed changes april 1, 2015 nursery, seed, and cotton program. Biological control trials are being carried out to evaluate the. We identified by immunoconfocal microscopy this compartment as the site of virus. Leaves are severely distorted, asymmetrical, cupped and puckered, and exhibit acute dentations. Grape clusters on infected vines may have few, poorly developed. Fanleaf degeneration of grape specialized websites. To prevent vines from becoming infected in the field, control measures target the vectors. Optimal systemic grapevine fanleaf virus infection in.
Control vectors seek advice for management options. The virus was earlier designated grapevine closterovirus, grapevine stem pittingassociated closterovirus and grapevine stem pittingassociated virus chevalier et al. In this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies binding specifically to the coat protein of gflv. This grapevine disease complex includes fanleaf, yellow mosaic, veinband ing and enation. Fanleaf causes distortion of leaves and may cause unusual chlorotic yellow patterns on. Virus transmission occurs by grafting a diseased cutting onto a healthy rootstock, or viceversa.
Epidemiology and strategies for the control and management of viruses and viral diseases. Survey for viruses of grapevine in oregon and washington. Since grapevine viruses are graft transmissible, exclud ing infected mother. Vectors of plant viruses university of california, davis. Elimination of grapevine fanleaf virus from three vitis.
Exam 2 study guide plant path questions and study guide. As vectors, mealybugs typically carry glrav3 in their foregut for short periods, losing the virus after each molt. Two dagger nematode species are particularly important in this regard in vineyards. The genome of gflv consists of two positive rna strands, polyadenylated at their 3. Dagger nematodes have not been reported in canadian vineyards and natural spread of this virus. Once vines are infected, they cannot be cured, and removal of infected plants is the only alternative for the disease control. A rapid and inexpensive rnaextraction method for high. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is thought to be the most serious virus disease affecting grapevines. Resistant rootstocks may control fanleaf degeneration of. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the united states. Detection and identification of specific grapevine diseases or pathogens. Grapevine degeneration in grapevines caused by grapevine fanleaf. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is a plant pathogenic virus of the family secoviridae.
Control of viruses infecting grapevine sciencedirect. Grapevine fanleaf virus and other old world nepoviruses. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv, are transmitted by ectoparasitic nematodes sitanath and raski 1968, hewitt et al. The virus is lost during the molt of the cuticle between life stages. Absence of grapevine fanleaf virus from australia ippc. Grapevine fanleaf virus replication occurs on endoplasmic. General information about grapevine fanleaf virus gflv00. Various management options for limiting the damage caused by nematode pests are outlined. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Controlling grapevine fanleaf virus if your grapes are already infected with the grape fanleaf virus, its too late to do anything about this tragic disease, but you can prevent infection in healthy plants by. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv belongs to the plant nepovirus genus i. Natural spread of specific grapevine viruses can occur by insects and nematodes.
Because of its effect on grape yield, gflv is a pathogen of commercial importance. Of note is that xiphinema index has been shown to spread grapevine fanleaf virus. It infects grapevines, causing chlorosis of the leaves and lowering the fruit quality. Samples collected from 1,522 vines in washington were tested for rupestris stem pitting associated virus rspav, grapevine fanleaf virus. It is one of the major economically important virus diseases. Constable fe, nicholas p, rodoni bc 2010 development and validation of diagnostic protocols for the detection of endemic and exotic pathogens of grapevines. Biology, biotechnology and resistance john wesley gottula, ph. Californias grapevine registration and certification program. Grapevine fanleaf virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Production manager foundation plant services, uc davis. Grapevine fanleaf virus is transmitted between grapevines only by the dagger nematodes, xiphinema index and x. Grapevine disease testing services oklahoma state university. Controlling grapevine fanleaf virus if your grapes are already infected with the grape fanleaf virus, its too late to do anything about this tragic disease, but you can prevent infection in healthy plants by practicing good tool hygiene between all your plants.
Grapevine fanleaf virus belongs to a group of viruses called nepoviruses, which are vectored by nematodes. Symptoms of grapevine fanleaf virus disease may appear as yellow mosaic photo at left, as vein banding, or as fanleaf deformation. Information about grapevine fanleaf virus diagnosis, including distribution and treatment advice. Grapevine fanleaf virus degeneration is the oldest known disease of v. Uc management guidelines for virus diseases on grape. Cornell university 2014 grapevine fanleaf virus gflv causes fanleaf degeneration of grapevines. It is also transmissible in sap from root tips or etiolated shoots of diseased grapevine. Grapevine fanleaf virus may be transmitted mechanically from grapevine tissue to herbaceous plants by grinding 1 g young leaf tissue in 5 ml 2. In the past, elimination of these vectors has been attempted through the use of high rates of soil fumigants. The main etiological agent of fanleaf disease is grapevine fanleaf virus gflv, which occurs in almost all regions where v. It is transmitted via a nematode vector, xiphinema index. Grapevine virus e gve fanleaf disease grapevine fanleaf virus gflv. Virus gflv has been documented in many viticulture regions worldwide.
Fanleaf grapevine fanleaf virus gflv grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is thought to be the most serious virus disease affecting grapevines. Since grapevine viruses are graft transmissible, exclud ing infected mother plants from propagation in the frame of certification schemes is crucial for the production of high quality planting material alley and golino 2000, almeida et al. Grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is one of the most destructive pathogens of grapevine. Falk plant pathology specialist, former graduate student, usdaars research plant pathologist, and professor, respectively, department of plant pathology, university of california, davis 95616. Fanleaf causes distortion of leaves and may cause unusual. Virus like particle vlp platform represents a promising approach for the generation of efficient and immunogenic subunit vaccines. One of the greatest hindrances to the study of grapevine fanleaf virus gflv is the dearth of robust protocols for reliable, scalable, and costeffective inoculation of host plants, especially methods which. Grapevine leafroll associated virus3 glrav3 is vectored by mealybugs and scale insects.
Detection and identification of specific grapevine. Nematodes are known to transmit certain grapevine infecting viruses, particularly those that cause grapevine decline and fanleaf. Habili n, rowhani a, symons rh 2001 grapevine fanleaf virus. Here, the feasibility of using grapevine fanleaf virus.